Latin  America  and 
Her  Peoples 

A Short  Series  of  Studies 
for  Mission-Study  Classes 


NEW  YORK 

Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America 
25  Madison  Avenue 


Latin  America  and  Her  Peoples 


Outlines  for  Mission-Study  Classes  in  Churches,  Colleges, 
Theological  Seminaries,  Study  Clubs 
and  at  Summer  Conferences 


Prepared  by 

Reverend  Frank  Knight  Sanders,  Ph.D. 
and 

Reverend  Samuel  Guy  Inman 


NEW  YORK 

Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America 
25  Madison  Avenue 

19  2 1 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/latinamericaherpOOsand 


PREFACE 


THESE  studies  have  been  prepared  in  order  to  enable 
any  group  or  individual  desiring  to  make  a satisfactory 
general  study  of  Latin  America  as  a missionary  area 
to  do  so  even  in  the  absence  of  expert  leadership.  Where 
such  leadership  is  available,  the  results  should  be  propor- 
tionately bettered.  Such  groups  are  found  in  our  colleges,  in 
churches,  and  at  summer  and  winter  conferences.  The  out- 
lines have  the  double  purpose  of  assuring  a real  perspective 
of  the  work  in  Latin  America  and  of  reducing  the  burdens  of 
leadership.  Many  instructors  or  ministers  who  cannot  spare 
the  time  needed  for  the  adequate  planning  of  a course,  will 
enjoy  working  with  a group  of  interested  students. 

The  average  course  at  a summer  assembly  calls  for  seven 
lessons.  Nine  lessons  are  provided  in  order  to  afford  an  oppor- 
tunity for  choice  by  a class  and  in  order  to  promote  the  study 
of  the  work  done  in  Latin  America  by  any  particular  Board. 
The  outlines  presuppose  the  use  of  a few  books.  These,  with 
others  which  should  form  a part  of  a real  reference  library  on 
missions  in  Latin  America,  are  described  in  the  bibliography. 
Almost  any  college  or  town  library  will  secure  these  books, 
if  necessary,  since  they  are  of  standard  value. 

The  essential  facts  regarding  each  phase  of  each  theme  are 
outlined  in  numbered  paragraphs.  It  is  expected  that  the 
leader  of  the  class,  or  some  one  appointed  for  the  purpose,  will 
supplement  and  express  more  vividly  each  statement  thus  out- 
lined. At  a summer  conference,  because  of  the  lack  of  time, 
it  may  be  essential  that  this  be  done  by  the  leader.  The 
numbered  questions  for  discussion  should  be  discussed  in 
class,  initiated  in  each  case  by  some  member  chosen  before- 
hand. A plan  which  works  well  in  practice  is  to  use  the  ques- 
tions in  review  of  each  section  at  the  beginning  of  the  next 
session  of  the  class. 


3 


LATIN  AMERICA  AND  HER  PEOPLES 


INTRODUCTION 

AMONG  the  great  ethnic  areas  recognized  and  reached 
by  missionary  enterprise,  Latin  America  and  her  peoples 
stand  out  with  distinctiveness.  The  Latin  American 
is  neither  a Spaniard,  a Latin  or  an  Indian ; he  is  a racial 
complex  with  capabilities  and  characteristics  all  his  own.  His 
area  is  more  extensive  than  the  continent  of  South  America ; 
it  includes  Mexico,  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies. 
Some  prefer,  as  a comprehending  term,  Hispanic  America  or 
Ibero-America,  but  the  term  most  widely  used  at  present  is 
Latin  America. 

This  great  continental  expanse,  comprising  twenty  re- 
publics, stretches  for  eight  thousand  miles  from  the  Rio  Grande 
and  the  Spanish  West  Indies  to  Cape  Horn,  with  an  area  of 
over  eight  million  square  miles  and  a total  population  of  about 
seventy-five  millions.  Up  to  the  beginning  of  the  twentieth 
century,  Latin  America  drew  its  religious,  cultural,  political 
and  social  ideals  mainly  from  Europe,  from  Spain  at  first, 
but  during  the  last  century  from  France.  Today,  for  a variety 
of  reasons,  a relationship  of  mutual  friendliness  and  respect 
is  being  rapidly  established  between  Latin  America  and  North 
America.  The  greatest  hindrances  to  its  progress  arise  from 
the  wide-spread  ignorance  of  each  group  concerning  the  other. 
The  two  Americas  ought  to  cherish  a real  working  unity,  which 
would  be  of  great  mutual  benefit.  One  important  basis  of  that 
future  unity  will  be  the  development  in  Latin  America  of  a 
social  and  religious  life  based  on  evangelical  ideals.  Latin 
America  is  a continent  of  opportunity,  but  also  a continent 
of  tremendous  need,  such  as  North  America’s  religious  friend- 
ship can  supply.  Latin  America  does  not  relish  patronage, 
but  will  respond  to  genuine  friendship,  organized  on  a 
basis  of  accurate  and  balanced  knowledge.  From  this  view- 


4 


point  missionary  service  in  Latin  America  during  the  next 
quarter  century  should  be  highly  significant  and  satisfying, 
but  men  and  women  who  represent  our  foremost  ideals  and 
capabilities  will  be  required  to  meet  its  demands.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  the  acquaintance  with  Latin  America  and  its 
hopeful  future  which  this  series  of  studies  aims  to  promote 
will  draw  many  brave  and  able  volunteers  into  this  rich 
service. 


5 


STUDY  ONE 


THE  FOUNDING  OF  A LATIN  AMERICAN  CIVILIZA- 
TION IN  THE  NEW  WORLD  ( — 1550  A.  D.) 

Speer,  South  American  Problems,  3-19;  Sweet,  History  of  Latin 
America,  7-20;  Panama  Congress  Report,  Vol.  I,  62,  63,  249-254, 
267;  Calderon,  Latin  America,  29-57;  McLean,  The  Living  Christ 
for  Latin  America,  31-36,  39-41,  80-86;  Gray,  The  New  World, 
3-30;  Winton,  Mexico  Today,  Ch.  II. 

1.  About  1500  A.  D.  the  whole  continent  of  America  was 
sparsely  inhabited  by  Indian  peoples  in  various  stages  of 
organization.  Those  of  North  America  and  of  the  Argentine 
were  distinctly  nomadic  in  type;  those  of  Mexico,  Central 
America  and  the  West  Andean  slopes  were  prevailingly  agri- 
culturists. Two  Indian  governments  were  of  a high  order, 
that  of  the  Aztecs  in  Mexico  and  that  of  the  Incas  on  the  west 
coast  of  South  America.  These  governments  were  highly  cen- 
tralized, in  sharp  contrast  with  the  situation  usually  existing 
among  Indians. 

Sweet,  27-31;  Speer,  3-7;  Winton,  33-34. 

2.  The  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus  in  1492  initiated 
a process  of  discovery  and  conquest  not  easily  paralleled  else- 
where in  history  for  extent  or  rapidity.  Within  about  half  a 
century  the  aborigines  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  were  thorough- 
ly subdued,  the  Spanish  authority  had  been  established  and 
thousands  of  Spaniards  had  become  permanent  inhabitants  of 
the  New  World.  This  achievement  was  due  mainly  to  four 
factors;  the  personality  of  the  conquerors,  their  overwhelming- 
ly superior  equipment  for  war,  the  paternalistic,  highly  cen- 
tralized organization  of  the  Indian  kingdoms  and  the  fatalistic 
temper  of  the  great  mass  of  the  Indians. 

Sweet,  20,  32-86;  Speer,  7-11. 

3.  The  Spanish  “conquistadores”  were  Hispanians  of 
original  Iberian  stock  to  which  had  been  added  during  two 
thousand  years  Celtic,  Roman,  Gothic,  Moorish  and  Jewish 
strains.  Even  in  Paul’s  day  Spain  was  an  important  center 
of  Roman  civilization  (Rom.  15:24,  28).  The  Oriental  con- 
tribution through  the  Saracens  and  Jews  was  also  fundamental. 
The  Spaniards  were  thus  a mixed  race,  trained  to  arms  by 
centuries  of  warfare,  recklessly  eager  for  profitable  adventure. 
The  Portuguese  who  explored  the  east  coast  and  seized  Brazil 
were  of  the  same  original  stock.  Portugal  developed  inde- 
pendently of  Spain  during  the  three  centuries  preceding  1415. 


6 


During  the  century  following  that  date  it  became  the  foremost 
colonizing  and  exploring  power  in  Europe. 

Encyclopedia  Britannica,  “Portugal”;  Sweet,  7,  32,  33,  43-45;  P. 
C.  R.  I,  249-251,  62,  63. 

4.  These  pioneering  explorers  and  conquerors  established 
themselves  in  five  principal  sections  of  Latin  America ; Cortez 
and  Alvarado  in  Mexico  and  Central  xA.merica  by  1535;  Ojeda 
in  Venezuela  and  Colombia  by  1538;  Pizarro  and  Almagro  in 
Peru  and  Chile  by  1542;  Cabot  and  Mendoza  in  the  Plate 
region  by  1535;  the  Portuguese  from  the  Amazon  to  the  La 
Plata  by  1550. 

Sweet,  46-88;  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Mexico  and  Conquest  of  Peru. 

5.  The  Spaniards  of  many  racial  grafts  intermarried  freely 
with  the  civilized  Indians  of  varied  stocks.  The  Portuguese 
colonized  mainly  by  families,  yet  intermarried  freely  with 
Indians  and  negroes.  The  resultant  population  of  Latin 
America  exhibits  many  diversities  of  type  of  which  four  pre- 
dominate: the  pure  blood  Iberian,  Spanish  or  Portuguese 
(creole),  the  pure  blood  Indian,  the  Spanish-Indian  (mestizo), 
and  in  Brazil  the  negro-Indian  (zambo).  The  mestizo  is  the 
truly  representative  Latin  American. 

Sweet,  122-124,  221-225;  P.  C.  R.  I,  67-71;  Speer,  6,  7. 

6.  The  conquerors  established  by  force  throughout  Latin 
America  their  political  institutions,  their  religion  and  their 
social  ideals — all  Latin  in  type,  involving  a ruling  aristocracy, 
an  uneducated  underworld  of  labor,  a South  European,  me- 
diaeval culture,  and  Roman  Catholicism  as  the  state  religion, 
with  its  clergy  in  undisputed  control.  This  situation  was  then 
isolated  from  the  currents  of  world  influence  by  commercial 
and  religious  restrictions  for  over  two  hundred  years. 

P.  C.  R.  1,  passim. 

7.  The  resultant  Latin  American  civilization  constitutes  a 
distinctive  world-area  and  a clearly  distinguishable  racial  type. 
The  area  is  without  question  very  rich  in  opportunity  for  the 
future  decades ; its  peoples  have  a fine  individuality  of  their 
own  which  will  surely  win  international  influence. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  48,  69-71,  131,  132,  251-253,  548;  Sweet,  223. 

8.  The  United  States  ought  to  be  the  best  friend  as  well 
as  the  nearest  neighbor  of  these  twenty  Latin  American  com- 
monwealths. A real  friendship  may  only  be  based  upon  mutual 
knowledge,  courtesy  and  exchange  of  service.  The  evangelical 
missionary  program  is  a mighty  factor  in  the  promotion  of  such 
a friendship,  because  it  is  fundamentally  a scheme  of  service. 

7 


Matters  for  Class  Discussion 


1.  Compare  the  United  States  and  Latin  America  in  area 
and  population.  Compare  Argentina  in  area  with  Texas  or 
New  York.  With  which  state  would  tiny  Uruguay  compare 
most  closely? 

Sweet,  21;  P.  C.  R.  I,  47,  58. 

2.  What  place  does  Latin  America  hold  internationally 
today? 

P.  C.  R.  I,  49-51,  190;  Calderon,  397-399. 

3.  Mention  a few  of  the  leading  racial  strains  of  the  Oc- 
cident and  of  the  Oriental  World.  With  which  group  is  the 
Latin  American  strain  to  be  classified? 

Calderon,  396-398. 

4.  What  are  the  characteristics  of  the  Latin  American 
temperament? 

P.  C.  R.  I,  128,  70,  71;  McLean,  80-86. 

5.  What  justifies  North  America  in  regarding  Latin 
America  as  a mission  field? 

P.  C.  R.  I,  72-122;  Speer,  229-249;  McLean,  87-107;  Winton,  Ch.  III. 


8 


STUDY  TWO 


THE  EVOLUTION  OF  THE  LATIN  AMERICA 
OF  TODAY  (1550-1825) 

Robertson,  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics;  Panama  Con- 
gress Report,  Vol.  I,  62-69,  266-269;  Calderon,  Latin  America, 

58-86;  McLean,  The  Living  Christ  for  Latin  America,  42-63; 

Ross,  South  of  Panama;  Gray,  The  New  World,  61-85;  Winton, 

Mexico  Today,  Chap.  IV;  Daniels,  Makers  of  South  America, 

Chaps.  Ill,  IV,  VIII. 

1.  For  two  and  a half  centuries  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
control  of  Latin  America  was  paternal  and  monopolistic.  Its 
despotic  character  was  gradually  made  unbearable  by  inef- 
ficiency. Its  opportunities  were  minimized  for  the  business 
man  by  stupid  economic  laws.  Up  to  1778  all  legitimate  trade 
between  Buenos  Ayres  and  Spain  had  to  proceed  via  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama  and  Lima  in  Peru.  Spanish  colonies  could 
deal  only  with  Spain.  All  intercourse  between  Brazil  and 
other  nations  than  Portugal  was  forbidden  until  1808. 

Sweet,  102-104;  P.  C.  R.  I,  266-269;  Ross,  preface;  Gray,  68-76. 

2.  The  movement  for  independence  had  six  principal 
causes:  (1)  intense  dissatisfaction  everywhere  with  viceregal 
management  with  its  unendurable  stupidity;  (2)  the  influence 
of  the  successful  revolutions  of  the  North  American  colonies 
in  1775-1781  and  of  the  French  middle  classes  in  1789-1802; 
(3)  the  writings  of  the  “Encyclopedists,”  the  intellectual 
leaders  of  the  French  revolution;  (4)  the  crippling  of  Spain 
by  Napoleon  Bonaparte  in  1808;  (5)  the  persistent  preaching 
of  a free  Spanish  America  by  Francisco  Miranda  (about  1800- 
1812)  ; and  (6)  the  emergence  of  a group  of  patriotic,  capable 
leaders,  such  as  Hidalgo  and  Morelos  in  Mexico,  Miranda  in 
Venezuela,  Bolivar  and  Sucre  in  Peru,  San  Martin,  Moreno 
and  Rivadaria  in  Argentina  and  Chile. 

Sweet,  140-175;  Calderon,  81-85;  Robertson,  passim;  Daniels, 
passim. 

3.  The  winning  of  freedom  took  less  than  two  decades  (to 
1826).  It  began  with  “juntas”  which  protested  against  the 
placing  of  Joseph  Napoleon  on  the  Spanish  throne,  quickly 
became  a true  revolutionary  movement,  had  many  vicissitudes, 
but  an  eventual  triumph.  Only  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  were 
left  in  Spain’s  possession. 

Calderon,  60;  Robertson,  60-61. 

9 


4.  For  nearly  a century  Latin  America  has  been  a group 
of  independent  republics,  the  exceptions  being  Brazil  until 
1888,  the  Guianas  and  a part  of  the  West  Indies.  Six  at  least 
of  these  republics  have  been  quite  progressive;  others,  domi- 
nated by  Romanism  or  cursed  by  unenlightened  and  selfish 
leadership,  have  been  backward.  Revolution  is  still  the  most 
common  weapon  of  would-be  reformers ; their  aims  are  still 
the  triumph  of  a personal  group  rather  than  the  advancement 
of  political  ideals.  Argentina,  Brazil,  Venezuela  and  Mexico 
are  federal  republics  like  the  United  States;  Peru,  Chile, 
Bolivia,  Ecuador,  Colombia,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  Cuba  and  the 
Central  American  republics  are  centralized  republics  like 
France. 

5.  The  consequent  social  situation  admits  of  great  advances. 
Illiteracy,  poverty,  looseness  of  moral  standards  and  degra- 
dation, the  dominance  of  a small  upper,  educated  class 
over  the  masses  of  the  people,  the  ownership  of  land  by  the 
few,  peonage,  and  the  absence  of  a self-asserting  middle  class 
are  factors  which  must  be  remedied  in  time  and  will  be. 

McLean,  53-63;  P.  C.  R.  I,  111-122;  Sweet,  223-228. 

6.  The  future  of  Latin  America  is  promising  despite  all 
drawbacks.  Great  progress  has  been  made.  These  southern 
republics  began  with  no  such  political  heritage  as  that  pos- 
sessed by  the  settlers  of  Jamestown  and  Plymouth.  They 
have  gone  far,  but  must  go  a long  way  yet  before  achieving 
their  possibilities.  The  most  promising  fact  is  the  increasing 
and  real  concern  of  Latin  America’s  leaders  of  thought  over 
moral  and  spiritual  problems. 

Matters  for  Class  Discussion 

6.  Was  the  long  Spanish  and  Portuguese  control  of  Latin 
America  an  unmixed  evil? 

Speer,  17;  Cambridge  Mod.  Hist.  X,  ch.  viii. 

7.  Which  of  the  six  causes  of  the  movement  toward  in- 
dependence seems  most  important? 

8.  Name  the  three  most  promising  Latin  American  re- 
publics at  the  present  day. 

9.  Name  the  two  most  backward  republics.  What  makes 
them  so? 

10.  By  what  means  are  the  real  possibilities  of  the  Latin 
America  of  today  to  be  attained? 


10 


STUDY  THREE 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  EDUCATION  IN  LATIN 
AMERICA 

Sweet,  History  o£  Latin  America,  125-127,  228-232;  Panama  Congress 

Report,  Vol.  I,  367-578;  Speer,  South  American  Problems,  82-112; 

Beach,  Renaissant  Latin  America,  81-108;  Winton,  A Study  of 

Educational  Conditions  in  Mexico  (1916). 

1.  For  three  centuries  education  in  Latin  America  was  an 
ecclesiastical  enterprise,  conducted  on  behalf  of  the  ruling- 
classes.  The  monastics  were  prompt  to  organize  on  this  basis. 
The  University  of  Santo  Domingo  was  founded  in  1538.  Six 
other  universities  were  active  before  the  founding  of  Harvard 
in  1636. ' Twelve  had  been  established  by  1787.  These  founda- 
tions followed  European  models  with  faculties  of  letters, 
philosophy,  theology,  law  or  medicine.  They  chiefly  educated 
the  leaders  of  the  Church  and  those  who  were  its  partisans. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  378-381;  Speer,  83,  84;  Sweet,  125-127,  229. 

2.  During  the  past  century  these  universities  have  been 
nationalized  and  broadened,  yet  they  remain  Latin  in  type. 
There  were  three  national  universities  in  Latin  America  be- 
fore the  first  state  university  developed  in  the  United  States. 
These  are  distinctively  groups  of  professional  schools.  Some 
are  well  supported.  The  University  of  Chile  in  Santiago  has 
an  annual  budget  of  $375,000  and  represents  an  investment 
of  $10,000,000;  the  University  of  Buenos  Ayres  has  an  able 
and  energetic  staff.  To  a reasonable  extent  they  encourage 
other  instruments  of  culture,  such  as  literature,  journalism, 
museums,  libraries,  art  collections  and  learned  societies.  A 
university  degree  is  the  gateway  to  any  profession  and  a 
university  trained  man  has  great  influence  in  society,  politics 
and  religion.  There  is,  however,  little  organized  student  life, 
no  recognized  campus,  a minimum  of  university  organization 
and  almost  universal  instruction  by  lecturers  who  are  in  active 
professional  life. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  381-392;  Beach,  88. 

3.  The  secondary  schools  in  most  of  the  republics  are 
numerous  and  popular.  They  are  preparatory  to  the  univer- 
sities, controlled  by  the  state,  and  follow  the  educational 
methods  of  the  universities.  They  furnish  the  bulk  of  educa- 
tional opportunity  in  Latin  America,  emphasizing  languages, 
literature,  and  science. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  392-398;  Beach,  85-95;  Speer,  96. 


11 


4.  Education  is  practically  universal  among  the  well-to-do 
classes  in  Latin  America,  and  with  good  results.  Argentina, 
Brazil,  Chile  and  Uruguay  lead  in  educational  development. 
A cultured  Latin  American  is  the  equal  of  the  cultured  man 
anywhere.  Among  the  working  classes  education  is  greatly 
neglected.  The  elementary  school  system  is  often  on  paper, 
the  great  mass  of  the  people  being  illiterate.  More  schools  for 
the  multitude,  training  schools  for  the  teachers  and  schools 
for  vocational  and  industrial  education  are  badly  needed. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  429-431;  Beach,  83;  Speer,  84-94. 

5.  The  missionary  program  makes  large  use  of  Christian 
schools  of  all  types,  partly  to  meet  the  crying  needs  of  the 
working  classes,  partly  to  train  a leadership  of  character, 
ability  and  professional  competence  for  the  evangelical  move- 
ment, partly  to  apply  the  true  key  to  the  solution  of  Latin 
America’s  social  problems.  It  also  uses  popular  educational 
methods,  such  as  institutes,  summer  conferences,  and  the 
social  and  educational  contacts  of  the  Christian  Associations. 
Interdenominational  co-operation  seems  essential  to  any  far- 
reaching  solution  of  this  program. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  431-470,  523,  524-529;  Speer,  111-112;  Beach,  100-108. 

6.  Latin  America  needs  many  influences  which  will  bring 
its  directive  life  into  touch  with  the  currents  of  world  life. 
The  adequately  trained  educational  missionary  has  a signi- 
ficant task,  but  “many  adversaries.”  A wide-ranging  work 
remains  to  be  done  under  evangelical  auspices. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  523;  Sweet,  232. 

Matters  for  Class  Discussion 

11.  What  universities,  founded  in  Latin  America  earlier 
than  Harvard,  are  active  at  the  present  time? 

P.  C.  R.  I,  379-380,  419,  420. 

12.  In  what  ways  does  the  educational  system  of  the  pro- 
gressive republics  of  Latin  America  function  with  reasonable 

SUCCESS  7 

Beach,  82,  86;  P.  C.  R.  I,  573-578. 

13.  What  are  Latin  America’s  important  educational 
needs? 

Speer,  105-107. 

14.  What  are  the  distinctive  tasks  of  the  educational  mis- 
sionary in  Latin  America. 

Beach,  91-108;  P.  C.  R.  I,  573-578,  472-489. 

15.  Why  must  the  educational  approach  continue  to  be 
emphasized  by  all  mission  Boards  having  work  in  Latin 
America  ? 


12 


STUDY  FOUR 


THE  INDIAN  PROBLEM  IN  LATIN  AMERICA 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America,  27-31,  58-60,  67-72,  82,  110,  111, 
118-122,  131-135,  221,  224,  225,  234,  235;  Bancroft,  Native  Races 
of  the  Pacific  States,  5 vols.;  Prescott,  Conquest  of  Mexico  and 
Conquest  of  Peru;  Panama  Congress  Report,  Vol.  I,  85-104,  258- 
260;  Bryce,  South  America,  chap.  13;  Speer,  South  American  Prob- 
lems, 118-122,  196-216;  Inman,  Christian  Co-operation  in  Latin 
America,  153-154;  Robinson,  History  of  Christian  Missions,  401- 
429,  passim. 

1.  Before  the  conquest  of  Latin  America  by  Spain  the 
high  plateaus  of  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Colombia,  Ecuador,  Peru 
and  Chile  were  fairly  peopled  by  Indian  tribes  which  had 
reached  a true  civilization.  Their  highly  centralized,  pater- 
nalistic organization,  their  inferior  weapons,  and  their  in- 
capacity for  concerted  action,  not  their  lack  of  bravery  or  of 
ability,  made  them  an  easy  prey  to  the  unscrupulous,  well- 
equipped  conquerors. 

Bancroft;  Prescott;  Speer,  3-7. 

2.  Bereft  of  leadership  and  accustomed  to  obedience,  the 
great  mass  of  civilized  Indians  were  enslaved,  compelled  to 
labor  in  mines  and  forests  and  on  estates,  deprived  of  personal 
rights  and  rapidly  decimated  by  neglect,  hardship  and  disease. 
In  the  mountains  of  Mexico,  Bolivia  and  Chile  some  have  pre- 
served their  freedom  at  great  cost,  and  everywhere  some 
have  risen  above  the  restrictions  which  bind  their  fellows,  yet 
even  today  the  Indian  is  shamefully  neglected  and  exploited. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  84-104,  225-226;  Speer,  209,  18-19. 

3.  The  early  Romanist  orders — Franciscans,  Dominicans, 
Augustinians — were  deeply  interested  in  the  Indians,  but  the 
Jesuits  (founded  in  1534)  were  the  prominent  missionaries  to 
the  wild  Indians.  They  entered  Brazil  in  1549,  Mexico  in 
1572,  Paraguay  in  1586,  but  were  expelled  in  1767  from  all 
parts  of  Latin  America.  They  educated  the  upper  classes  and 
did  much  to  civilize  the  Indians.  The  former  eventually  re- 
sented their  intrigues  and  their  wealth  and  expelled  them.  The 
Indians  received  from  them  a wonderful  training,  but  it  was 
so  paternalistic  as  to  leave  the  Indians  helpless  when  the 
Jesuits  were  driven  away. 

Sweet,  48,  82,  124,  125;  Moses,  The  Establishment  of  Spanish  Rule 
in  America,  1898,  chap.  9,  discusses  the  Jesuit  missions  in  Paraguay; 
Speer,  115-122;  Robinson,  401-404;  P.  C.  R.  I,  263;  Graham,  A Vanished 
Arcadia,  Macmillan,  1901,  tells  the  story  of  the  Jesuit  missions  well, 
but  it  is  hard  to  get.  Koebel,  In  Jesuit  Land,  is  more  available. 


13 


4.  The  Indians  of  today  number  about  one  sixth  of  the 
population  of  Latin  America.  Those  of  the  plateaus  and 
forests  preserve  their  identity,  some  of  them  their  inde- 
pendence. They  have  either  been  enslaved  or  isolated,  sharing 
in  little  or  none  of  the  wealth  of  the  country  once  theirs.  What 
they  might  become  under  a regime  of  opportunity  is  illustrated 
by  the  self-sufficiency  for  generations  of  Yaquis,  Araucanians 
and  Aymaras,  by  the  occasional  educated  leaders  like  Benito 
Juarez  of  Mexico  and  by  their  prowess  under  any  accepted 
leader.  With  education  and  opportunity  they  possess  real 
possibilities  of  vigorous  development. 

Speer,  198-216;  Bryce,  453,  483. 

5.  No  strong  North  American  mission  Board  is  supporting 
a work  for  the  Indians.  The  South  American  Missionary 
Society  (British),  founded  in  1844,  does  efficient  work  among 
the  Araucanians  of  Chile  and  the  Guaranis  of  the  Chaco  in 
Paraguay.  The  Bolivian  Indian  Mission  (New  Zealand) 
reaches  the  Aymaras  of  Bolivia.  The  Evangelical  Union  of 
South  America  touches  the  Quichuas  of  Peru  and  the  Amazon 
Indians.  The  Moravians  have  long  worked  in  British  and 
Dutch  Guiana.  None  of  these  organizations  command  a large 
force  of  workers.  They  merely  touch  the  fringe  of  the  need. 
This  is  even  more  true  of  the  many  independent  missions, 
meritorious  as  some  of  them, — like  that  of  Miss  Annie  Cooke 
on  the  San  Bias  Coast  of  Panama, — may  be. 

Robinson,  423-4,  420-2,  414. 

6.  The  evangelization  of  the  Indian  tribes  constitutes  one 
of  the  outstanding  opportunities  in  many  parts  of  Latin  Ameri- 
ca today.  The  Indians  are  not  dying  out.  They  have  a real 
future.  They  need  protection,  education,  allotments,  industrial 
missions,  the  Bible  and  good  literature.  The  meeting  of  these 
and  other  needs  will  be  a co-operative  task  to  be  worked  out 
soon  by  all  North  American  Boards  acting  together. 

Inman,  153-4. 


Matters  for  Class  Discussion 

16.  What  are  the  strong  and  the  weak  points  of  Indians 
as  a class? 

17.  Why  have  missions  to  the  Indians  in  the  past  or  pres- 
ent made  slight  headway? 

18.  What  are  the  areas  of  Latin  America  in  which  work 
for  Indians  should  be  vigorously  pushed? 

14 


19.  What  should  be  the  character  of  the  work  done  among 
them  and  what  can  be  said  in  favor  of  a co-operative  handling 
of  this  work  or  against  such  a method? 

20.  Who  are  some  of  the  great  leaders,  past  or  present, 
of  mission  work  among  the  Indians  of  Latin  America?  Find 
out  about  Las  Casas,  de  Anchieta,  Gardiner  and  Grubb. 

Daniel,  Makers,  23-38,  103-122,  223-241;  Robinson,  401-404. 


15 


STUDY  FIVE 


THE  EVANGELICAL  MISSION  MOVEMENT 
IN  LATIN  AMERICA 

Panama  Congress  Report,  Vol.  I,  253-258,  260-266;  Speer,  South 

American  Problems,  141-195,  217-256;  Robinson,  History  of  Chris- 
tian Missions,  399-429;  Winton,  The  Mexico  of  Today,  chap.  VI; 

Sweet,  History  of  Latin  America;  Beach,  Renaissant  Latin 

America;  Ross,  South  of  Panama,  chap.  XI;  Inman,  Christian 

Co-operation  in  Latin  America. 

1.  For  nearly  four  hundred  years  the  Roman  Church  has 
assumed  responsibility  for  the  religious  life  of  Latin  America. 
In  the  centers  of  settled  population  her  churches  and  priests 
are  numerous.  Her  inability  to  cope  with  the  real  need  of 
the  vast  area  is  shown  by  the  great  extent  of  territory  quite 
untouched,  by  the  conditions  permitted  to  exist  unchallenged 
where  the  church  has  been  active  and  by  the  startling  rejection 
of  the  church  among  the  real  leaders.  The  evangelical  move- 
ment is  based  upon  a proper  desire  to  carry  a free  gospel  to 
those  who  have  never  heard  it,  and  to  make  that  gospel  vital  in 
their  lives,  not  upon  a policy  of  war  against  Romanism. 

Speer,  141-195;  P.  C.  R.  I,  263-5;  Sweet,  234-7;  Ross,  299-330. 

2.  Religious  freedom  has  been  attained  slowly  in  Latin 
America.  Mexico  led  the  way  in  1867 ; Peru  took  the  final 
step  in  1915.  The  Moravians  entered  Dutch  Guiana  in  1738. 
North  Americans  wrere  interested  in  South  America  early  in 
the  nineteenth  century,  but  to  little  purpose;  about  1818  an 
attempt  was  made  to  evangelize  the  newly  formed  republics 
through  the  circulation  of  the  Bible  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese. 
This  was  halted  by  the  Roman  Church.  The  first  enduring 
Protestant  mission  work  grew  out  of  Allen  Gardiner’s  pioneer- 
ing activities  along  the  southwest  coast  between  1838  and 
1851  and  from  Dr.  Kalley’s  work  in  Brazil  about  1855.  The 
Methodists  and  Presbyterians  were  the  first  to  enter  the 
continent  on  a large  scale  between  1859  and  1870. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  132-138,  265,  266,  431,  432;  Stuntz,  73-96;  Speer,  217- 
249;  Margarette  Daniels  in  Makers  of  South  America,  83-100,  graphi- 
cally describes  James  Thomson’s  Bible  work  in  South  America  from 
1818  to  1826. 

3.  The  South  American  Missionary  Society  (1844)  labors 
among  the  Indians  of  Chile,  Paraguay  and  Argentina ; the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  in  Argentina,  Chile,  Uruguay, 
Bolivia,  Peru,  Panama,  Costa  Rica  and  Mexico;  the  Pres- 
byterians (North)  are  in  Chile,  Brazil,  Venezuela,  Colombia, 

16 


Guatemala  and  Mexico  ; the  Protestant  Episcopalians  in  Brazil, 
Cuba,  Haiti  and  Porto  Rico,  (with  a work  for  aliens  in  many 
parts  of  the  region  north  of  Panama) ; the  Lutherans  in 
British  Guiana,  Porto  Rico,  Brazil  and  Argentina ; the 
Canadian  Baptists  in  Bolivia ; the  Seventh  Day  Adventists  all 
over  Latin  America ; the  Northern  Baptist  Home  Missionary 
Society  in  Honduras,  Salvador,  Nicaragua,  Mexico,  Porto 
Rico  and  Cuba ; the  Southern  Baptists  in  Argentina,  Uruguay, 
Brazil,  Chile  and  Mexico;  the  National  Baptist  Convention 
among  the  negroes  of  the  Caribbean;  the  Christians  in  Porto 
Rico  y the  Congregationalists  in  Mexico  and  Porto  Rico;  the 
Disciples  in  Argentina,  Paraguay,  Mexico,  Porto  Rico  and 
Jamaica;  the  Friends  in  Mexico,  Jamaica,  Central  America  and 
Cuba ; the  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  Brazil, 
Mexico,  and  Cuba;  the  Free  Methodists  in  Santo  Domingo; 
the  Presbyterians  (South)  in  Brazil,  Mexico  and  Cuba;  the 
United  Brethren  in  Porto  Rico ; the  Bible  Society  throughout 
the  area ; the  International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men’s 
Christian  Associations  in  Argentina,  Chile,  Uruguay,  Brazil, 
Mexico,  Canal  Zone,  Porto  Rico  and  Cuba ; the  Christian  and 
Missionary  Alliance  in  Argentina,  Chile,  Ecuador,  Porto  Rico 
and  Jamaica;  the  National  Board  of  the  Young  Women’s 
Christian  Associations  in  Brazil,  Uruguay  and  Argentina. 
Besides  these  are  some  British  Societies  and  a few  small  in- 
dependent enterprises. 

Note:  Data  regarding  each  Society  must  be  obtained  from  its 
foreign  secretary  or  from  the  Year  Book. 

4.  The  methods  in  use  by  these  organizations  are  direct 
evangelization  through  preaching,  the  production  and  distribu- 
tion of  Christian  literature,  the  education  of  the  young,  medical 
service  in  all  its  forms,  religious  instruction,  organized 
philanthropy,  social  organizations — whatever  will  develop 
character,  strengthen  the  will,  increase  intelligence,  and  help 
the  people — a program  of  varied  service. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  111-122,  139-145. 

5.  There  is  a vast  unoccupied  area  in  Latin  America  today 
to  which  the  evangelical  forces  must  give  consideration.  The 
three  classes  which  require  imediate  attention  are  the  Indians, 
the  educated  classes,  particularly  the  accessible  students,  and 
the  women.  Paraguay,  Ecuador,  Venezuela,  Northern  and 
Western  Brazil,  Santo  Domingo  and  Haiti,  Central  America 
and  the  eastern  Andean  slopes  are  areas  virtually  unreached. 
The  problem  of  friendly  helpfulness,  whether  along  com- 
mercial, political  or  religious  lines,  is  full  of  challenge. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  153-187. 


17 


6.  The  Panama  Congress  of  1916  introduced  a new  co- 
operative attitude  toward  this  stupendous  task.  It  organized 
the  Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America  as  a board 
of  strategy  to  organize  and  direct  an  intelligent  united  evan- 
gelical approach  through  a scientific  survey  of  the  whole  area, 
through  occasional  conferences  for  consultation  and  decision, 
through  the  prevention  of  waste  energy  by  needless  duplica- 
tions and  through  the  fullest  use  of  available  resources. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  33-37. 

Matters  for  Class  Discussion 

21.  On  what  plea  are  the  evangelical  churches  of  North 
America  and  of  the  British  empire  justified  in  carrying  on 
their  work  in  a land  claimed  to  be  Roman  Catholic? 

Beach,  40-41;  Speer,  229-249. 

22.  What  were  the  reasons  for  the  late  entrance  of  such 
churches  into  Latin  America? 

P.  C.  R.  I,  254-269. 

23.  What  are  the  legitimate  aims  of  a vigorous  evangelical 
program  ? 

P.  C.  R.  II,  304-311. 

24.  Name  a few  of  the  great  leaders  of  missionary  work  in 
Latin  America,  past  or  present. 

Daniels,  Makers  of  South  America,  discusses  five;  Mrs.  Gracey’s 
Eminent  Missionary  Women  describes  Melinda  Rankin;  P.  C.  R.  II, 
115-120. 

25.  Of  the  various  important  objectives  of  mission  effort  in 
Latin  America  which  seems  foremost? 


18 


STUDY  SIX 


THE  CO-OPERATIVE  MISSIONARY  PROGRAM  FOR 
LATIN  AMERICA  AS  ILLUSTRATED  IN  MEXICO 


Inman,  A Program  of  Friendly  Relations,  1919;  Annual  Report  for 

1919  of  the  Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America;  Panama 

Congress  Report,  Vol.  Ill,  11-160;  Winton,  Mexico  Today. 

1.  One  important  reason  for  the  slow  development  of 
Latin-American  missions  in  the  past  has  been  their  individ- 
ualism. Each  group,  however  small,  has  gone  its  own  way. 
True  co-operation  enables  mission  progress  to  be  scientific 
as  well  as  economical.  It  implies  a representative  organization, 
such  as  the  Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America ; the 
fair  allotment  of  territory,  so  that  each  Board  may  achieve 
its  utmost;  the  standardization  of  activity,  so  that  each  may 
do  the  essential  things ; and  united  effort  wherever  practic- 
able. Aggressive  evangelization  is  naturally  more  or  less  de- 
nominational, so  is  primary  or  even  simple  normal  training; 
but  hospitals,  advanced  educational  institutions  and  the  de- 
velopment of  periodicals  and  good  literature  are  essentially 
co-operative  schemes.  Porto  Rico  led  the  way  in  co-operation 
in  1908;  but  Mexico  affords  a fine  illustration  of  its  values. 

P.  C.  R.  Ill,  13-20. 

2.  Through  the  Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin 
America  of  1916,  representing  the  Boards  at  work  in  the  whole 
area,  and  after  much  preliminary  discussion,  a special  con- 
ference, held  in  Mexico  City,  February  17-21,  1919,  in  which 
eleven  out  of  the  thirteen  responsible  religious  organizations 
doing  work  in  Mexico  participated,  sending  sixty-seven 
delegates,  achieved  a result  unprecedented  for  boldness, 
adequacy  and  promise.  Eight  of  these  organizations  agreed  to 
make  the  adjustments  essential  to  receiving  a specific  district 
for  which  it  should  be  responsible.  The  Southern  Methodists 
took  the  northern  border  with  a population  of  about  1,610,000; 
the  Congregationalists  the  northwest  strip  with  1,880,000; 
the  Friends  the  northeast  with  285,000;  the  Disciples  a central 
section  with  1,005,000;  the  Associate  Reformed  Church  a 
section  east  of  this  with  550,000;  the  Northern  Methodists  the 
portion  near  Mexico  City  with  3,900,000;  the  Southern  Pres- 
byterians the  southern  section  with  2,125,000  and  the  Northern 
Presbyterians  the  southeastern  section  with  3,050,000.  Two 
denominations,  the  Northern  and  Southern  Baptists,  did  not 
feel  that  they  could  enter  into  a districting  plan.  The  three 

19 


other  organizations,  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  the 
American  Bible  Society  and  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  As- 
sociation do  a work  essentially  national. 

P.  C.  R.  Ill,  24-26,  111-120  (report  of  Cincinnati  Conference  of 
1914). 

3.  Mexico,  conquered  in  1522,  became  independent  of 
Spain  about  1820.  It  has  a population  of  15,000,000  of  which 
2,000,000  are  pure  Indian  stock.  Diaz,  her  greatest  recent 
ruler,  aimed  at  unity,  peace  and  prosperity,  but  his  thirty  years 
of  power  was  advantageous  to  the  upper  classes  chiefly.  The 
great  mass  of  peasantry  today  is  illiterate,  poor,  untrained 
and  exploitable.  The  republic  has  wonderful  resources,  both 
mineral  and  agricultural,  but  will  be  politically  unstable  until 
its  government  is  that  of  an  enlightened  democracy.  It  needs 
a vast  increase  of  elementary  and  moral  education,  agricultural 
and  industrial  development  and  opportunity  for  the  average 
citizen.  Along  these  lines  Mexico  welcomes  our  co-operation. 

P.  C.  R.  I,  399,  214,  85-87,  167.  Winton,  3-72,  143-171. 

4.  The  co-operative  program  in  each  section  of  Latin 

America  could  follow  the  plan  adopted  already  for  Mexico. 
Each  denomination  within  the  district  alloted  to  it  plans  (a) 
an  aggressive  program  of  evangelization;  (b)  the  upbuilding 
of  strong  evangelical  churches ; (c)  many  elementary  schools 
with  industrial  and  vocational  features;  (d)  a normal  school, 
an  agricultural  school  and  a Bible  training  school  in  each 
district;  (e)  an  organization  for  directing  community  life  in 
each  large  center  of  population.  The  program  would  work 
anywhere.  The  denominational  forces  co-operate  in  estab- 
lishing (a)  an  evangelical  university  at  the  capital ; (b)  a 

union  hospital  at  the  capital ; (c)  a union  theological  seminary 
at  the  capital;  (d)  ; a union  publishing  house  and  book-stores; 
(e)  first-rate  evangelical  literature;  and  (f)  the  provision  of 
expert  supervision  for  the  different  types  of  work  attempted. 

Inman,  P.  F.  R.  passim. 

5.  The  “unfinished  task”  in  Latin  America  comprises  the 
evangelization  of  much  genuine  paganism,  including  the 
Indians,  a greatly  widened  social  and  educational  program 
for  all  classes,  and  the  development  of  a spiritually  fruitful, 
democratic  religious  life.  This  calls  for  a united,  co-operative 
occupancy  of  the  whole  field,  as  in  Mexico  and  Porto  Rico, 
for  the  joint  development  of  institutions  for  the  training  of 
leaders  and  for  regular  conferences  to  map  out  procedure,  to 
allot  territory,  to  promote  comity  in  details  and  to  arrange 
all  matters  of  common  interest.  That  the  movement  has  gone 


20 


so  far  already  in  Latin  America  within  a dozen  years  is  en- 
couraging. 

P.  C.  R.  Ill,  96-103. 

Matters  for  Class  Discussion 

26.  What  are  the  arguments  against  co-ordination  of  effort 
on  such  a plan  as  the  above  by  all  missions  working  within 
a mission  area? 

27.  What  are  the  arguments  in  favor  of  such  co-ordination? 

28.  Of  the  four  factors  involved  in  real  co-operative 
statesmanship,  viz : the  existence  of  a representative  organ- 
ization to  deal  with  the  area  as  a whole,  the  distribution  of 
the  missionary  force  so  as  to  prevent  needless  duplication  of 
effort,  the  development  of  a native  church  and  the  provision 
for  enterprises  essentially  union  in  character,  what  seems  the 
order  of  importance? 

29.  For  the  success  of  a co-operative  program,  which  is 
more  important : the  selection  and  training  of  the  missionary, 
the  selection  and  proper  training  of  the  native  leader  or  the 
discovery  and  support  of  supervising  specialists? 

30.  If  the  home  churches  failed  to  afford  the  needed  sup- 
port, what  part  of  a wide-ranging  co-operative  program  should 
be  the  first  to  be  dropped? 


21 


STUDY  SEVEN 


WORK  FOR  WOMEN  IN  LATIN  AMERICA 


Panama  Congress  Report,  Vol.  II,  105-215;  Ross,  South  of  Panama, 
passim;  Winton,  Mexico  Today,  132-136;  Gracey,  Eminent  Mis- 
sionary Women;  Bland,  Men,  Manners  and  Morals  in  South 
America. 

1.  The  women  of  Latin  America  represent  four  fairly  dis- 
tinct classes:  a leisure  class,  cultivated,  courteous,  domestic; 
a small  but  growing  middle  class  of  self-supporting  women  ; 
a very  large  class  of  working  women,  neglected,  illiterate  and 
ignorant ; and  Indian  women.  Most  women  are  loyal  to  the 
Roman  Church  and  very  conservative.  Those  of  the  leisure 
class  are  hospitable  to  a fault,  charitable,  lovers  of  things 
artistic,  and  very  influential.  The  evangelical  approach  to 
Latin  American  womanhood  lies  in  teaching  her  to  think,  in 
enlisting  her  in  service  and  in  giving  her  true  ideas  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

Winton,  132-6;  P.  C.  R.  II,  126-137;  Ross,  173-207. 

2.  The  work  for  women  has  been  slow  in  developing.  The 
very  pioneer  may  have  been  Mary  Hartman  of  Surinam,  who 
after  her  husband’s  death  in  1844  spent  seven  years  in  the 
interior,  dying  in  1853.  Melinda  Rankin  entered  Mexico  in 
1857,  when  religious  liberty  was  proclaimed,  and  labored  for 
fourteen  years  alone.  Martha  Watts,  going  in  1881,  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  splendid  college  for  girls  at  Piracicaba, 
Brazil.  Such  noble  women  pioneered  the  way.  There  are 
today  over  thirty  women’s  organizations  maintaining  work  in 
Latin  America,  not  far  from  one  thousand  women  at  work 
(including  missionary  wives),  and  about  one  thousand  Latin 
women  in  their  employ.  All  these  are  finding  enticing  op- 
portunities for  great  service  in  Latin  America  today. 

P.  C.  R.  II,  115-121;  Gracey,  Eminent  Missionary  Women. 

3.  Among  such  women  are  gradually  being  discovered  such 
leaders  as  the  new  Latin  American  womanhood  needs.  Senora 
de  Costa  set  on  foot  and  carried  through  the  movement  which 
secured  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Christ  at  the  summit  of  the 
Andes  between  Argentina  and  Chile.  Doctora  de  Renshaw 
in  1916  was  the  active  president  of  the  Congress  for  Child 
Welfare,  held  in  Buenos  Ayres.  Doctora  Grierson  was  the 
first  woman  doctor  in  Buenos  Ayres.  Senora  Monteverde  of 
Montevideo  is  a leader  in  organizations  for  social  welfare 
work.  The  National  Council  of  Women  at  Buenos  Ayres 


22 


has  sixty-four  affiliated  societies.  Once  given  a sense  of  re- 
sponsibility, the  best  women  of  Latin  America  will  be  inter- 
ested in  social  movements  and  ready  to  promote  them. 

P.  C.  R.  II,  124-126,  168,  163. 

4.  Under  such  leadership  the  general  movement  toward  the 
larger  expression  of  womanhood  all  over  the  world  is  becoming 
effective  in  Latin  America.  This  is  particularly  evident  by 
such  movements  as  the  recent  International  Child  Conserva- 
tion Congress  at  Montevideo,  by  the  organization  of  “Better 
Baby  Weeks,”  by  the  publication  of  periodicals  for  women, 
by  the  organization  of  local,  national  and  international  tem- 
perance movements,  by  the  opening  of  milk  stations  in  the 
great  cities, — all  directed  and  supported  by  women. 

5.  The  work  carried  on  by  women  missionaries  is  very 
varied.  They  first  of  all  deal  with  the  educational  needs  of 
children  and  young  women  in  kindergarten,  elementary  and 
secondary  schools,  and  with  the  social  and  spiritual  needs 
of  all  classes  of  women.  This  evangelistic  and  educational 
service  finds  expression  in  home  visitation,  in  management 
of  district  nursing  and  day  nurseries,  in  the  direction  of  Bible 
women,  and  in  the  distribution  of  good  literature.  The  Young 
Women’s  Christian  Associations  organize  and  serve  the 
educated  and  self-supporting  women,  a rapidly  growing  and 
exceedingly  fruitful  task.  The  need  of  every  type  of  work 
is  overwhelming. 

P.  C.  R.  II,  189-193. 

6.  The  opportunity  for  women  missionaries  today  in  Latin 
America  is  very  great  because  of  the  new  spirit  both  among 
evangelical  and  other  women  and  their  desire  to  emulate  the 
social  helpfulness  of  North  American  and  British  women, 
especially  during  the  last  few  years. 

One  of  the  greatest  problems  before  each  Board  working 
in  Latin  America  is  to  organize  the  evangelical  women  into 
missionary  organizations  of  their  own,  which  will  enable  them 
to  use  their  powers  in  Christian  service  to  all  as  women  do 
in  North  America.  Latin  American  women  are  sure  to  become 
increasingly  influential  and  aggressive  as  they  become  properly 
enlightened.  Their  comparative  ignorance  of  outside  condi- 
tions because  of  isolation  and  their  consequent  conservatism 
are  the  greatest  obstacles  to  rapid  mission  advance  today. 
Proper  leadership  among  the  evangelical  women  of  these 
southern  republics  will  lead  all  Latin  American  women  into 
a new  day. 


23 


Matters  for  Class  Discussion 


31.  What  are  the  best  ways  of  helping  women,  accustomed 
on  the  whole  to  repression,  to  realize  the  fruitage  of  Christian 
ideals? 

32.  Along  what  lines  is  the  genius  of  Latin  American 
womanhood  likely  to  manifest  itself? 

33.  What  would  seem  to  be  the  outstanding  opportunities 
for  an  able  young  woman  as  a missionary  to  Latin  America? 

34.  In  Latin  America,  with  its  sharply  marked  social  areas, 
can  one  woman  touch  all  classes  of  women  equally  well? 

35.  What  qualities  are  essential  to  the  greatest  success 
in  dealing  with  Latin  American  women? 


24 


STUDY  EIGHT 


LATIN  AMERICA  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Panama  Congress  Report,  Vol.  I,  128-132;  Bryce,  South  America, 
ch.  14;  Calderon,  Latin  America,  387-400;  Pan-American  Union 
Reports;  Speer,  South  American  Problems,  chs.  5-8;  Sweet,  Histo- 
ry of  Latin  America,  253-271;  Inman,  Pan-American  Problems. 

1.  For  three  centuries  Latin  America  was  isolated  from  the 
world  as  nearly  as  Spain  and  Portugal  could  manage.  Today 
neither  nation  has  more  than  a sentimental  influence.  For 
over  a century  France  has  done  much  through  her  literature 
and  through  social  influence  to  shape  the  currents  of  political 
and  social  influence  in  Latin  America.  Commercially  Great 
Britain  and  Germany  have  been  active  in  developing  resources 
and  encouraging  enterprise.  The  United  States  has  for  many 
reasons,  partly  the  fundamental  differences  of  temperament, 
manners  and  political  habits,  due  to  a different  inheritance, 
partly  the  differences  of  language  and  religion,  partly  Latin 
America’s  fear  of  aggression,  had  relatively  little  influence 
during  this  century  of  development. 

Bryce,  512-519;  Speer,  Unity  of  the  Americas,  15. 

2.  Yet  North  and  Latin  America  should  stand  in  close 
and  friendly  relations.  The  Rio  Grande  has  bridges.  Com- 
merce is  increasing  rapidly  in  either  direction.  Transportation 
of  freight  and  passengers  is  improving.  We  are  getting  bet- 
ter acquainted.  The  recognition  of  the  A B C as  joint-ad- 
justers of  disputes  on  the  American  hemisphere  was  very 
helpful.  The  World  War  has  emphasized  the  necessity  of  the 
friendly  association  of  all  the  American  republics.  Recent 
declarations  of  our  government  disclaiming  any  imperialistic 
designs  on  Latin  America  have  opened  the  way  for  cordial 
relations. 

3.  The  Monroe  Doctrine  of  1823  was  a declaration  that 
no  European  power  was  to  be  permitted  to  further  colonize 
or  to  interfere  on  the  American  hemisphere.  It  was  intended 
to  protect  the  infant  democracies;  it  has  come  to  be  regarded 
by  the  self-sufficient  states  of  Latin  America  as  an  unwar- 
ranted paternalistic  assumption  of  authority  or  as  a reservation 
of  Latin  America  as  a field  for  our  own  exploitation.  This 
latter  idea  finds  some  justification  in  our  national  dealing  with 
Mexico,  with  the  peoples  of  the  Caribbean,  and  with  Panama. 
Our  desire  to  protect  Latin  America  has  never  blinded  Con- 
gress to  our  own  interests.  Pan-Americanism  is  a slogan 

25 


which  goes  farther  in  the  development  of  commerce  and 
mutual  good-will. 

Bigelow,  American  Policy,  clearly  traces  the  history  of  the 
Doctrine;  Speer,  “Unity,”  17. 

4.  There  are  many  ways  in  which  a closer  relationship 
may  be  established  with  Latin  America.  The  many  Pan- 
American  Congresses  have  allayed  much  prejudice.  The  Pan- 
American  Union,  with  headquarters  at  Washington,  spreading 
correct  information,  promoting  business  relations  and  arrang- 
ing official  intervisitation,  is  of  great  value.  The  welcoming 
of  students  to  North  American  educational  centers,  the  ex- 
change of  professors,  the  organizing  of  cosmopolitan  clubs 
and  the  watchful  care  of  the  Friendly  Relations  Committee 
is  another  great  factor ; the  mission  enterprise  of  today,  as 
rapidly  shaped  up  through  the  Committee  on  Co-operation  in 
Latin  America,  with  its  campaigns  of  publicity  among  the 
churches,  is  an  important  third.  The  Pan-American  Round 
Table  reaches  many  influential  women;  the  Pan-American 
Magazine  is  another  valuable  publication ; La  Nueva  Demo- 
cracia  stands  for  the  essential  spiritual  basis  of  this  relationship. 

5.  Neither  mere  proximity,  a common  nomenclature  or 
commercial  interests  will  develop  the  relationship  which  ought 
to  exist.  The  true  solution  is  a friendship  based  on  mutual 
understanding,  respect  and  service.  North  America  can  be- 
come Latin  America’s  valued  friend,  but  only  through  the 
knowledge  that  develops  respect,  the  reciprocity  of  contact 
which  encourages  esteem  and  the  recognition  of  complete 
sovereignty  which  places  all  peoples  on  a par.  The  spirit  of 
Christ  is  the  one  real  uniting  factor.  To  make  it  operative 
is  the  challenging  task  of  the  next  few  decades. 

Matters  for  Class  Discussion 

36.  Compare  the  differences  which  separate  Anglo-Saxon 
or  Teutonic  Americans  from  Latin  Americans  in  race,  speech, 
institutions  and  ideals. 

37.  What  justification  does  history  give  for  Latin-American 
prejudice  against  the  United  States? 

38.  How  can  the  United  States  as  a nation  promote 
friendly  relations  with  Latin  American  peoples? 

39.  How  can  any  individual  promote  our  common  interests? 

40.  What  sort  of  a program  is  it  feasible  to  develop? 


26 


STUDY  NINE 


THE  WORK  OF  EACH  MISSION  BOARD 
IN  LATIN  AMERICA 


(This  study  is  planned  in  order  to  enable  any  student  or  group 
to  consider  thoughtfully  the  work  which  any  particular  denomination 
or  agency  is  doing  in  Latin  America.  It  aims  to  provide  a suitable 
skeleton  to  be  clothed  with  flesh.) 

Robinson,  History  of  Missions,  389-429;  Leaflets  concerning  its  work 
in  Latin  America  which  any  Board  will  furnish  on  request;  Inman, 
Christian  Co-operation  in  Latin  America,  passim;  Clark,  The  Con- 
tinent of  Opportunity;  Stuntz,  Our  South  American  Neighbors, 
or  Neely,  South  America  (for  Methodist  work);  Gray,  The  New 
World  (for  Protestant  Episcopal  work);  McLean,  The  Living 
Christ  in  Latin  America  (for  Presbyterian  work). 

1.  How  did  my  denomination  or  Board  come  to  enter 
Latin  America  as  a mission  field?  Did  some  pioneer  blaze 
the  way  individually  or  was  the  enterprise  undertaken  with 
deliberation  ? 

2.  Who  were  the  pioneers?  When,  how  and  where  did 
they  begin?  What  were  the  achievements  of  the  first  five  or 
ten  years? 

3.  What  is  the  present  extent  of  its  mission  work  in  Latin 
America?  How  many  different  countries  does  it  occupy? 
How  many  missions,  mission  stations,  missionaries  and  native 
workers  are  there? 

4.  What  varied  types  of  service  are  undertaken? 

5.  Mention  some  of  the  leading  missionaries. 

6.  Mention  some  of  the  outstanding  native  leaders. 

7.  What  are  the  classifiable  results  of  these  years  of  mis- 
sionary activity  in  converts,  churches,  institutions  and  national 
betterments  ? 

8.  In  what  co-operative  enterprises  is  my  Board  sharing? 

9.  What  are  the  needs  of  this  field  today? 

10.  What  acquaintances  of  ours  would  make  first-rate 
missionaries  for  Latin  America  ? 


27 


APPENDIX 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  COURSE 

The  following  volumes  include  the  best  books  for  the  use 
for  anyone  covering  this  course.  The  first  five  may  be  regarded 
as  almost  indispensable.  The  value  of  each  one  of  the  other 
books  mentioned  is  indicated  by  the  annotation  under  it.  No 
book  is  mentioned  which  is  not  likely  to  be  found  in  a reason- 
ably good  library  on  Latin  America  or  cannot  be  readily 
procured  by  the  student  who  wishes  to  consult  it. 

*1.  A wall  map  of  Latin  America  will  be  very  helpful.  Apply  to  any 
mission  Board  with  work  in  South  America. 

*2.  PANAMA  CONGRESS  REPORTS,  three  volumes.  New  York, 
Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America,  25  Madison  Ave- 
nue, 1916.  $1.50. 

These  reports  are  in  themselves  a library  on  Latin  America  as  a 
mission  field. 

*3.  SWEET,  W.  W.  A History  of  Latin  America.  New  York,  Abing- 
don Press,  1918.  $1.50. 

A recent  book,  very  clear  and  complete,  giving  the  historical, 
social  and  economic  data  needed,  but  not  information  about 
present-day  missions. 

*4.  BOARD  OF  MISSIONARY  PREPARATION.  The  Preparation 
of  Missionaries  Appointed  to  Latin  America.  New  York, 
B.  M.  P.,  1921.  25c. 

*5.  INMAN,  S.  G.  Christian  Co-operation  in  Latin  America.  New 
York,  Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America,  1917.  50c. 
An  account  of  the  situation  as  it  was  in  1917.  Very  clear  and 
concise. 

*6.  SPEER,  R.  E.  South  American  Problems.  New  York,  Student 
Volunteer  Movement,  1912.  75c. 

Still  valuable  as  a general  study  of  the  Latin-American  situation. 

7.  McLEAN,  J.  H.  The  Living  Christ  for  Latin  America.  New  York, 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication,  1916.  $1. 

A very  vivid  survey  with  especial  reference  to  the  work  done  by 
the  Northern  Presbyterians. 

8.  GRAY,  A.  R.  The  New  World.  New  York,  Domestic  and  For- 

eign Missionary  Society,  1916.  $1. 

An  admirable  book,  bringing  out  in  detail  the  work  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  Latin  American  field. 

9.  STUNTZ,  H.  C.  South  American  Neighbors.  New  York,  Mis- 

sionary Education  Movement,  1916.  60c. 

A similar  survey  emphasizing  even  more  the  various  peoples,  but 
devoted  particularly  to  the  work  of  the  Northern  Methodists. 

28 


10.  BEACH,  H.  P.  Renaissant  Latin  America.  New  York,  Committee 

on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America,  1916.  50c. 

11.  ROBINSON.  C.  H.  History  of  Christian  Missions.  New  York, 

Scribner,  1915.  $2.50. 

A general  survey  of  the  history  of  missionary  enterprise  which 
gives  fair  space  to  the  data  of  mission  work  in  Mexico,  Central 
America,  the  islands  and  South  America. 

12.  BRYCE,  JAMES.  South  America.  New  York,  Macmillan,  1912. 

$2.50. 

Fine  descriptions  of  South  America  and  sound  interpretations  of 
its  life  by  an  unusual  observer. 

13.  ROSS,  E.  A.  South  of  Panama.  New  York,  Century,  1915.  $2.40. 
A study  of  social  conditions  in  South  America,  keen,  illuminating, 
readable. 

14.  CALDERON,  F.  GARCIA.  Latin  America.  New  York,  Scribner, 

1913.  $3. 

An  interpretation  of  the  Latin  American  by  a distinguished  Peru- 
vian publicist. 

15.  ROBERTSON,  W.  S.  Rise  of  the  Spanish  American  Republics. 

New  York,  Appleton,  1918.  $2.50. 

The  origin  of  these  republics  told  in  the  lives  of  the  great 
liberators. 

16.  CLARK,  F.  E.  The  Continent  of  Opportunity.  New  York,  Revell, 

1907.  $1.50. 

An  account  of  travel  which  is  full  of  interesting  sidelights  on 
missions  and  Christian  opportunity. 

17.  WINTON,  G.  B.  Mexico  Today.  New  York,  Missionary  Educa- 

tion Movement,  1913.  75c. 

18.  DANIELS,  M.  Makers  of  South  America.  New  York,  Mission- 

ary Education  Movement,  1916.  75c. 

Contains  fine  sketches  of  a number  of  eminent  personalities. 

19.  GRACEY,  MRS.  J.  T.  Eminent  Missionary  Women.  New  York, 

Eaton  and  Mains,  1898.  $1. 

20.  PENZOTTI,  F.  G.  Spiritual  Victories  in  Latin  America.  (Centen- 

nial Pamphlet  No.  16).  New  York,  American  Bible  Society.  5c. 

21.  TUCKER,  H.  C.  The  Bible  in  Brazil.  (Centennial  Pamphlet 

No.  15).  New  York,  American  Bible  Society.  5c. 

Interesting  narratives  by  two  genuine  heroes  of  the  church. 

22.  KOEBEL,  W.  H.  In  Jesuit  Land:  the  Jesuit  Missions  of  Para- 

guay. New  York,  Dodd,  Mead  & Co.,  1912. 

Not  the  best  book  on  this  subject,  but  the  best  available  one. 

23.  KOEBEL,  W.  The  Great  South  Land.  New  York,  Dodd,  Mead 

& Co.,  1919. 

A capital  description  of  the  River  Plate  region. 


29 


24.  BLAND,  J.  O.  P.  Men,  Manners  and  Morals  in  South  America. 

New  York,  Scribner,  1920. 

A book  of  varied  excellence,  but  containing  one  of  the  best  chap- 
ters ever  written  on  the  women  of  South  America. 

25.  DAWSON,  T.  C.  The  South  American  Republics.  (Story  of  the 

Nations  Series).  2 vols.  New  York,  Putnam,  1903-4. 

One  of  the  very  best  histories  for  one  to  read  who  knows  nothing 
of  South  American  history. 

26.  BLAKESLEE,  G.  H.  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean.  New  York, 

Stechert,  1921. 

Outlines  the  present-day  problems  growing  out  of  the  relations 
between  the  United  States  and  the  whole  Caribbean  area,  including 
Mexico. 

27.  INMAN,  S.  G.  Problems  in  Pan-Americanism.  New  York,  Com- 

mittee on  Co-operation  in  Latin  America,  1921. 

A book  unpublished  at  the  date  of  going  to  press,  but  of  very 
great  value  to  the  student  of  relationships. 

28.  COESTER,  ALFRED  L.  The  Literary  History  of  Latin  America. 

New  York,  Macmillan,  1916. 

The  fullest  account  of  Latin  American  literature  available  in 
English. 


30 


PUBLICATIONS  ON  LATIN  AMERICA 


Obtainable  from  the  Committee  on  Co-operation  in  Latin 

America : 


OFFICIAL  REPORT  OF  THE  PANAMA  CONGRESS,  containing 
full  Commission  Reports,  discussions,  etc.  Three  volumes,  cloth, 
8vo Postpaid  §2.50 

REPORT  OF  THE  REGIONAL  CONFERENCES,  proceedings  and 
findings  of  regional  conferences  following  Panama.  Cloth, 
8vo Postpaid  $0.75 

RENAISSANT  LATIN  AMERICA,  a popular  resume  of  the  Con- 
gress by  Prof.  Harlan  P.  Beach.  Cloth,  8vo Postpaid  $1.00 

LITERATURA  ESCOGIDA.  An  annotated  list  of  books  in  the 
Spanish  language  of  value  to  evangelical  workers  and  Latin- 
Americans  interested  in  intellectual  and  spiritual  culture,  together 
with  names  of  publishers  and  prices.  Heavy  paper.  Postpaid  $0.25 

CHRISTIAN  CO-OPERATION  IN  LATIN  AMERICA.  Report 
of  a trip  through  the  field  by  Samuel  G.  Inman,  Executive  Sec- 
retary of  the  Committee,  in  which  missionary  projects  and  pros- 
pects of  various  fields  are  discussed.  Paper,  185  pp.  Postpaid  $0.35 

PROGRAM  OF  FRIENDLY  RELATIONS  BETWEEN  MEXICO 

AND  THE  U.  S.  A review  of  the  projected  Christian  program 
for  Mexico.  Paper Postpaid  $0.15 

INTERVENTION  IN  MEXICO.  Samuel  G.  Inman.  A plea  for 
the  recognition  of  Mexico’s  right  of  self-determination.  Half 
cloth,  8vo.,  248  pp Postpaid  $1.50 

THROUGH  SANTO  DOMINGO  AND  HAITI.  A handbook  for  the 
student,  missionary  and  traveler;  an  authoritative  survey  of  pres- 
ent conditions  by  Samuel  G.  Inman.  Paper,  96  pp.  Postpaid  $0.50 

REPUBLIC  OF  ECUADOR.  A general  and  missionary  survey  of 
the  country  and  people,  by  W.  E.  Browning,  Ph.D.  Paper,  32  pp. 

Postpaid  $0.20 


COMMITTEE  ON  CO-OPERATION  IN  LATIN  AMERICA 
25  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City 


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